Demand Driven Supply Chain Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3464 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In the past years of 21st century, companies worldwide are trying to shift their focus from being linear to demand driven, in the supply chains. The driving motivation behind is cost effectiveness, responsiveness, develop an edge among their competitors deliver the best value to customers. Where did it all begun? Numerous operational techniques have been evolved over the years. Poka-Yoke, Kanban, Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen, Just in Time Six Sigma have been some of them that we often hear about. While all these tool techniques are used to improve production efficiency, the production had been largely shaped on the push model. Producers and manufacturers have been driving products to the market and the products were pushed downstream at the customers end. The linearity of the predominant supply chain is very clear from this. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Demand Driven Supply Chain Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The question arises Who is a better decision maker of what and how much is required? At this point in time the customer demand was added to the decision making process however the linear model gave birth to a very famous phenomenon that came to be known as the bull-whip effect. The end-to-end visibility lacks in the linear chain which up scales the swings in inventory as a response to changes in demand. Some qualifying and some quantifying Causes are available. Now, companies are very clear that solely improving the efficiency would not suffice. Also a linear model to respond to demand has limited use, especially when the supply chains are converting in supply webs. Demand sensing shaping is required to uphold and sustain a spirited advantage above the rest. Turning to technology for a solution, IT strategies are adopted for Smarter Supply Chain of the future. Using ERP solutions, the retailing giants as well as other product and service suppliers are sensing the demand and stratifying the inventories/services available. Instead of having safety stock, psychic stocks are maintained. The aim of the push-pull stratification is to optimize the lead time among the different inventories according to demand variation. The demand-driven supply chain classifies inventories based on push-pull strategies, identifies real time sensing of demand and adds demand certainty to supply chain planning. Transforming Supply Chains to be Demand Driven looks clear and sounds easy while we know no transformation comes without challenges. Available literatures on the same shows that major challenges faced by companies globally have more or less been identified. It gives a larger yet abstract picture of the reality as we know things change substantially with demographics. Problem Statement The particular parameter this paper tries to measure is the visibility. Therefore the statement of the problem is: Visibility barriers to demand driven supply chain in Indian context Purpose of the Study This research, therefore, is an attempt to identify challenges in being demand driven for Indian companies funneling through their suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, resellers and other business partners who form an essential part of the their supply chain. The main focus will be on measuring visibility since it comes out to be the top rated challenge globally and also as visibility is the foremost concern for being demand driven in any industry. Significance of the Study This study is significant in determining the gap between Indian global scenario. On one hand literature review shows the results for global suppliers, distributors, manufacturers resellers and participants of the supply chain, whereas on the other hand this research will map it to the Indian context. C. K. Prahalad in his book The new age of Innovation mentions that the transformation of businesses are based on two pillars The focus being on the individual customer experience. i.e. Behaving uniquely with every customer and not considering them as masses, N=1 (N representing each unique customer) Using global resources in achieving this transformation, R=G (Resources=Global) This research will also help in determining the extent up to which Indian companies have been able to achieve or are on the path of achieving this transformation. We can say so because the gap between the visibility issues, barriers and other transformation challenges will define the set of parameters that have the driving force for the same in reality. Literature Review The review of literature is based on the findings of different institutions and companies that have been involved in the process of demand driven supply chain and contributing to the field of operations. The concept of DDSN (Demand Driven Supply Chain) was first cited in the year 2004 by AMR research. It lists companies that top the list in terms of supply chain. Winners include Dell, Nokia, PG, IBM, Wal-Mart Stores, Toyota etcÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ These companies have found to be a forerunner in the context of being demand driven in their supply chains/network/web. Process by which components are moved and produced from raw material to the ultimate consumer is called the supply chain. It focuses on Cost Time Transportation Packaging andÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ other factors which differ from industry to industry. So what exactly is a demand driven supply network or a chain? Demand-driven supply networks are driven from the front by customer demand. Instead products being pushed to market, they are pulled to market by customers. It does not eliminate the ability of a company to push product to market but adds that companies in a supply chain would be working closely to shape market demand by sharing and collaborating information. In doing so, they will have greater and more timely visibility into demand. The aim of this collaboration is to better position everyone with the ability to more closely follow market demand and produce, in tandem, with what the market wants. Rather than replace the force of pushing, product to market, the DDSN strategy is to match a pull from customers with an equal and opposite push from supply chain members. Instead of leading the market from a push and artificially inducing unsustainable market demand, the concept behind DDSN is to react in tandem with demand. The methodology behind DDSN is to bring the supply chain eco-syst em into balance. There are three consumer trends that have seen a revolutionizing change and decisively impacted consumer product and retail supply chains: 1. Consumer Diversification Dramatic demographic and lifestyle changes, along with economic turmoil, has nullified the ability of traditional techniques to build consumer purchase databases, the irrelevance in the shopping trends compounded an explosion in the size of organized and unorganized goods has converted the well known trend of mass markets to variable niche markets. 2. Consumer Polarization A single customers buying trend will both tend to extremes of new luxury goods and mass value purchases. The mid-level customer is now extinct, and companies which provide mid-level quality at mid-level prices are at the forefront of this breakdown. The same customer who wouldnt pay for a Rs 50 espresso, would still pay Rs 50 lakhs for a top-of-the line sports car, just because it makes them feel good about themselves. 3. Mass Retailers Wal-Mart and Tesco have successfully captured and consolidated the mass value segment of customers. Capturing the bottom of the pyramid has now realized into effortless revenue creation on negligible marketing costs but a resilient, efficient supply chain network. The rest of the companies either capture the luxury goods segment or fail to capitalize on either, and face the losses while still trying to capture the mid-level customer. The primary solution to this problem or rather lack of control, is empower the right people who can respond rapidly and effectively in critical points, to ensure constant supply network changes dont cause a bull-whip effect and to de liver superior operations performance. To effectively manage the volatility in demand, organizations need to accept the demand-driven nature of supply chain networks and importance of DDSN (Demand Driven Supply Networks) as a system and network of techniques and processes that realize and respond to real-time variations in demand across a network of customers, suppliers and organizational employees. The outlined multi-dimensional trends realized in the industry, notice the shifts in supply chain management which defines that Supply Chains extend beyond the physical boundaries and reach of the core business processes and organizational environment. The Outsourced competency model, which relates to the most efficient utilization of the organizations core competencies, root business processes and offloading the rest as much as possible. Hence the evolution of these organizations into business eco-systems consisting of tightly linked specialized trading and supplying partners. The competency and effectiveness of this interwoven supply-chain depends not only on the organization defining the core-process but all major and minor components that build up the supply chain. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Traditional humanized SCM techniques have no outlining advantage in the new environment; Organizations have mastered the methods to effectively manage the machines but often stutter at managing their supply chain relationships, specifically, for non-strategic and non-critical suppliers. Abnormalities in data handling and filtering amongst smaller vendors, along with quality checking for them are an undermined and unchecked area. Figure : Smartmap to the supply chain of the futureThe issue with the business ecosystems is that the human nature of risk is independent of all metaphysical processes. Key inbound and outbound processes such as purchases management, warranty fulfillment, customer risk management and order forecasts cannot be outsourced, as they would lead to loss of control and focus.C:UsersytulshyanDesktopibm-study2.jpg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Having known what being demand driven is and the driving forces behind it, let us take a look at what information do we already have in the area of our research; before we present our own inferences. As also explained in the figure above the three new characteristics for smart supply chain of the future are: Instrumented (machine generated) Interconnected (extensive connectivity-worldwide network) Intelligent (advanced analytics and modeling) While the top 5 supply chain challenges identified globally are Cost containment Visibility Risk Customer Intimacy Globalization SC Challenges.PNG Figure Global Supply Chain transformation barriers Among these challenges visibility is rated as the top most challenge in the process of transformation. At a time when, generally speaking, information is abundant and connectivity is more feasible than ever, supply chain executives still rank visibility as their greatest management challenge. Although more information is available, proportionally less is being effectively captured, managed, analyzed and made available to people who need it. Visibility and the collaboration required to get information and make decisions with it is not attracting much attention in terms of activities and programs. Supply chain executives are focused more on strategy alignment, continuous process improvement and cost reduction. Driving integration and visibility of information inside their organizations external visibility are some of the parameters on the list that we will try to evaluate here in our survey. Other barriers are not less however this gives a very important illustration on why visibility barriers should be measured. The reviews show it is the top challenge but not the priority. Why is it not the priority? The question remains unanswered How do you measure visibility? What are the quantitative or qualitative parameters? Some questions need more understand and deeper thoughts while some we try to answer. Methodology For any research to be successful the most important part is the basic research plan and the data sources that will be used for analysis of the report. The purpose of the surveys and all the datas is to collect the primary data, which is the data, collected and assembled specifically for the research project in hand. The purpose of the research here is to measure visibility barriers to demand driven supply chain in Indian context. The basic question highlighted is: Which parameters affect the visibility of a supply chain? Population and Sampling It includes the use of a survey where sampling becomes a major issue. The value of survey research findings depends heavily on the quality of the research sample. When you wish to measure attitudes from a large population, sampling is called for because it is too expensive to collect input from all members of the population. But the sample must accurately represent the population, or else the research findings are of questionable value. The population for the entire survey is executives or people who are a part of the supply chain, as a distributer, manufacturer, warehouse, logistics etcThe majority of the people are from the Chemical/Pharma industry due to high population of chemical pharmaceutical plants in the area where the survey was conducted. So we can say the results obtained from this research will be inclined to these demographics. The reason for such a selection is because this will be the sample, which will mostly be involved in the process of supply chain transformation or are affected by translucent nature of the chains. So they would precisely be able to understand the purpose of the survey and thus answer it appropriately. Validity The purpose for any measurement is to measure what is it actually solving the purpose of the research. Hence we need to validate the data via validity test that checks that the scale logically appears to accurately measure what it is intended to measure. In the survey there is no major use of scales but the options that have been kept are according to the literature. This means that the options kept are the most probable answers that the respondents will give. Hence the content is valid enough. Analysis of the survey data The survey conducted is in Appendix 1 of the document. The majority of the respondents are from three industries: Pharmaceutical, Chemical Automotive. Around 103 executive were surveyed. To keep calculations simple we are considering a sample o 100. Table : Industry you working in * ERP Implemented in Organization Industry working in ERP Implemented in Organization Total Yes No Pharma 28 6 34 Chemical 29 5 34 Automotive 26 6 32 Total 83 17 100 The percentage of ERP implemented in the organizations is very high. The companies with no ERP are from the SME segment who are wither under the process of implementing or are about to begin. Inference: ERP implementation is on its way. For SMEs is still under WIP but not a complete question mark. Table : ERP Implemented in Organization * Rate the Challenges faced in Supply Chain ERP Implemented in Organization Rate the Challenges faced in Supply Chain Total Visibility Cost Containment Risk Customer Intimacy Supplier Intimacy Yes 38 14 10 17 4 83 No 9 2 2 2 2 17 Total 47 16 12 19 6 100 Interestingly even for the companies that have implemented ERP, 38 out of 83 rate visibilities the top most challenge i.e. approximately 46%. Inference: Even after ERP implementation the visibility is not transparent in the organization inside and outside. Table : ERP Implemented in Organization * Technological tools do not effectively support ERP Implemented in Organization Technological tools do not effectively support Total Very Significant Substantially Significant Significant Yes 28 13 42 83 No 6 1 10 17 Total 34 14 52 100 37% of the people working with ERP rate ineffectiveness of technology very significant. Inference: Information availability might not be the issue. Proper analytical tools for, inferring data and using it properly is important. Figure : Significance of the reward for collaboration Figure : Organization silo collaborationThe tables below determine the frequencies of how significant were the parameters rated by the supply chain executives. Figure : Technology tools ineffectiveness, Significance Figure : Individuals to busy to assist others, Significance. Table : Real-time information transparency inside and outside the enterprise? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Widely Accepted 24 24.0 24.0 24.0 Somewhat Accepted 76 76.0 76.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Figure : Information transparency inside outside the organization The real time information sharing inside and outside the organization is not very widely accepted. Table : ERP Implemented in Organization * Real-time information transparency inside and outside the enterprise? ERP Implemented in Organization Real-time information transparency inside and outside the enterprise? Total Widely Accepted Somewhat Accepted Yes 21 62 83 No 3 14 17 Total 24 76 100 The figures in the table above clearly show that even for companies that have implemented ERP, real time information sharing is not accepted to the extent it should have been. Table : Planning with suppliers Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Extensively 22 22.0 22.0 22.0 Somewhat 78 78.0 78.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Figure : Planning with suppliers Majority of the people do not plan with their suppliers. Even if the information is available to them form technological or electronic sharing, concrete planning with the suppliers is missing. Table : Real time electronic data sharing Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Extensively 21 21.0 21.0 21.0 Somewhat 79 79.0 79.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table : Organizations Supply Chain Agility Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 17 17.0 17.0 17.0 No 83 83.0 83.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table : Supply chain Agility to be critical for organizationss business Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 69 69.0 69.0 69.0 No 31 31.0 31.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Figure : SCM Agility Table : ERP Implemented in Organization * Organization supply chain agile? Is your orgs supply chain agile? Total Yes No ERP Implemented in Organization Yes 14 69 83 No 3 14 17 Total 17 83 100 Conclusions The question we started with was: How do you measure visibility? What are the quantitative or qualitative parameters? The parameters and rated significance gives a clearer, yet not very transparent, picture of the Indian Scenario. By the results of the survey it is hence concluded that majority of the organizations have technological capabilities that enable them to share data in real time. Most of them have ERP, RFID implemented. Visibility once again is rated very high as compared to other barriers of transformation. However there is some gap between the global and the national statistics. This can be measured more properly with improved research samples and demographics. Organization silos, reward for collaboration and effectiveness of technological capabilities is something that needs to be looked forward to. The major problem that has been reported is not the absence of technology or the knowledge of it, but the use of it in proper and judicious manner. Simple implementing technology and not leveraging it does not make much sense. It will on the contrary add to the cost and not be giving desired benefits. It was not a surprise to learn to learn that organizations are too busy to share information. The global scenario is not very different. A very striking similarity is noticed. The gap that remains between the top global companies and others, shows similar trend when measure between big organizations and other companies operating with 200 500 employee base. These organizations have a low scale operation comparatively however the number of these organizations actually form the backbone of Indian manufacturing scenario. The number of organization with such capabilities are plenty in every Industrial Development Centres throughout the country and hence cannot be ignored The information needs to be shared both inside outside the organization. Comprehensive planning with the suppliers as well as customers is required. No matter how much information is shared, the analytics need to be defined. It has been a common review by the executives that they either do not have information being shared, or have so much information that they are not able to judge what to do with it. Further research includes a more diversified sample to have a broader picture; however concentration should also be on small scale operations companies. Infrastructural barriers, resource capability and capital constraints are some important areas yet to be factored and mapped in this context. The future scope hence aims to include them. Appendix Survey Name : ______________________________________________________ Organization : ______________________________________________________ Industry : ______________________________________________________ Which area of supply chain do you form a part of? Supplier Manufacturer Distributer Retailer Rate the following in the order of which you think is the topmost challenge in making your supply chain demand driven. (Rate 1 to 5, 1 being highest) Visibility : Cost Containment : Risk : Customer Intimacy : Supplier Intimacy : Has ERP been implemented in your organization? Yes No Has RFID been implemented in your organization? Yes No Kindly give your views regarding the significance of the following parameters as a barrier to Supply Chain Visibility Organization silos inhibiting collaboration Very Significant Substantially Significant Significant People are too busy to assist others Very Significant Substantially Significant Significant People are not rewarded for collaboration Very Significant Substantially Significant Significant Technology tools are ineffective Very Significant Substantially Significant Significant Real time transparency inside and outside the organization is: Widely accepted Somewhat accepted You share real time electronic data Extensively Somewhat You do planning with your suppliers: Extensively Somewhat Is your organizations supply chain agile enough to meet the fluctuations? Yes No Do you consider supply chain agility to be critical for organizations business? Yes No Any comments on how visibility should can be improved in your organizations supply chain ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rated Parameters Table : Organization silos inhibit Collaboration Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very Significant 25 25.0 25.0 25.0 Substantially Significant 39 39.0 39.0 64.0 Significant 36 36.0 36.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table : No Reward for Collaboration Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very Significant 12 12.0 12.0 12.0 Substantially Significant 72 72.0 72.0 84.0 Significant 16 16.0 16.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table : Individuals are too busy to assist others across the organizational supply chain Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very Significant 32 32.0 32.0 32.0 Substantially Significant 61 61.0 61.0 93.0 Significant 7 7.0 7.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table : Technological tools do not effectively support Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very Significant 34 34.0 34.0 34.0 Substantially Significant 14 14.0 14.0 48.0 Significant 52 52.0 52.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

Learned Helplessness Contributing to Post Traumatic Stress...

Learned Helplessness Contributing to Post Traumatic Stress and Depression Summary: Bargai, Shakhar, and Shalev (2007) designed a correlational study to test the idea that exposure to violence facilitates learned helplessness, which may contribute to the development of mental illness in battered women. This experiment is a correlational experiment because none of the variables involved are being manipulated, they are being measured. They are measuring post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), major depressive disorder(MDD), learned helplessness, history of physical and sexual violence, and the presence of a male dominated background. The researchers’ aim was to see if there was a correlational relationship between exposure to†¦show more content†¦The Interviewer used the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV to obtain all current Axis-I diagnosis within the participants. The participants were then asked to complete a number of questionnaires and tests to determine the severity of the conditions in question. PTSD severity was measured using the Modifi ed PTSD Scale-Self Report. Depression severity was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Learned Helplessness was measured using the Learned Helpless Questionnaire. The participants previous history of abuse was measured using The Trauma History Questionnaire. To determine if there had been a male dominated background, a questionnaire of six questions was developed by the researchers. It consisted of questions that determined if there was any prejudice toward women in the participants cultural attitudes, or upbringing. By comparing the overall scores of each questionnaire given, the researchers confirmed their hypothesis. The results of this study showed that PTSD and major depressive disorder was high among the battered women. 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Leadership Ethic Free Essays

UNIT 6 Assignments – Personal Leadership/Ethics Statement GB580: Strategic Management Mary Dereshiwsky Hugues Joseph When it comes to my personal leadership/ ethics, I have to take that seriously due to the fact this part can make as well brake a company. This is the sort of guideline that makes a company; furthermore, you have a lot of companies that gets in trouble due to the fact their do not follow a certain ethic guidelines. Ethics  are considered the moral standards by which people judge behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Ethic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics are often summed up in what is considered the â€Å"golden rule†Ã¢â‚¬â€do unto others as you would have them do unto you. While this makes sense as a general rule of thumb, it is not entirely useful when looking to define business ethics. In business, there are many different people you have to answer to: customers, shareholders and clients. Determining what to do when an ethical dilemma arises among these different interests can be extremely tricky, and as such business ethics are complex and multi-faceted (2012). There is couple things that effect business ethic There are Honesty, Objectivity, Integrity , Carefulness, Openness, Respect for intellectual property, Confidentiality, Responsible publication, Responsible mentoring, Respect for colleagues, Social responsibility, Non-discrimination, Competence, Legality, Human subjects protection. The bank I used to work for several years back had some of that issue as for time to time you will find the manager give the customer the wrong information on purpose as a way to avoid helping the customers. We would be looking at the manager because we knew he was doing the wrong thing to do and it seemed as the customer knew he was lying as well; furthermore, the bank was losing money due to the fact many people did not want to deal with him as well. All the employees must have that possess a skill when it comes to customer something like extrovert. Former Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky was sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison on molestation charges in a case that focused attention not only on his crimes but on how university officials allegedly covered up the incidents to save their profitable sports program from embarrassment and scrutiny. In the wake of the sentencing, several ethical issues were cited in the U. S. press: (2012). This is a problem due to the fact that you have parents who have trusted their kids with these coaches and those coaches take advantage of the parents as well the children and sadly most of the time the kid do not have the power to say â€Å"NO† due to the fact they’re have trusted the coaches. This is why a person who work at an organization must have certain features such as extrovert which define as someone who is social and outgoing, comfortable around groups of people, starts conversations, does not like being alone. Sensory which defines gathering using sense, practical and able to rely on common sense; furthermore, the ability to judge because it provide one to be well structured as well organize so therefore that person does not like to leave any loose ends. I would love to have someone who is very dedicated someone that I can rely on and depend on when something that have to get done the person will know off the bat and no one have to them nothing. This is consider to be a strong suite for one person able to do that; furthermore, this will also give that person the opportunity to move further with the company and most like will be the first to be recognize when there is an open opportunity. References: More ethical issues arise following sandusky sentencing. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. globalethics. org/newsline/2012/10/15/ethical-issues-2/ A closer look: Definition of business ethics. (2012). Retrieved from http://reference. yourdictionary. com/word-definitions/Define-Ethics. html How to cite Leadership Ethic, Papers

The Crucible Deterioration Of Social Order In free essay sample

The Crucible: Deterioration Of Social Order In Salem Essay, Research Paper The Crucible: Deterioration of Social Order In Salem The trumped-up enchantress craze in Salem, Massachusetts, deteriorated the rational, and emotional stableness of its citizens. This exploited the populations weakest qualities, and insecurities. The obvious dislocation in Salem # 8217 ; s societal order led to the calamity which saw 20 guiltless people hung on the accusal of witchery. Arthur Miller, writer of The Crucible, used craze to present personality defects in vulnerable characters. A stiff societal system, fright, and confusion were apparent conditions that became prevalent before and during the witchtrials. These conditions merely contributed to the calamity in Salem. The isolation of the Puritan society created a stiff societal system that did non let for any fluctuation in life style. The rigorous society that was employed at this clip had a damaging consequence on the Proctor household. John Proctor, a difficult working husbandman who had a bad season the twelvemonth before and fighting this twelvemonth was on occasion absent at Sunday service. This was due to the fact he needed to be given to his harvests. Besides, Proctor did non hold with the assignment of Mr. Parris as the newest curate, and hence did non hold his last kid baptized. With the latest fad of witchcraft and swirling accusals, John Proctor was easy indicted of being a courier for the Satan by the testimony of his disillusioned servant Mary Warren, who in the by committed bearing false witness. The tribunal who heard the testimony easy accepts it because she is a church traveling individual, while John Proctor somewhat deviates from the norm. This transportation of incrimination is besides noticeable when the truth is first discovered about what the misss were making in the forests. The misss were non blamed. The incrimination was put on Tituba, the? black? slave who was said to hold? charmed? the misss. Abigail swears that? she [ Tituba ] made me make it? . ( pg.40 ) It is obvious that in the Puritan society that whatever did non conform to what the multitudes had decided as proper, so the deviated, but guiltless, were to incrimination. This pattern contributed to the calamity in Salem. The fright of what was unknown created an edginess within Salem # 8217 ; s population that added to Salem # 8217 ; s societal death. The fortunes environing the witchtrials gave occupants something to fault the supernatural on. The condemning of Tituba was chiefly due to this. When Tituba took the misss into the forests, and they performed T inheritor ceremonial, something the Puritans were non accustom to, she convicted of witchcraft. Along with Tituba, Martha Corey was indicted entirely because she would non let Giles to read them. Giles besides stated that? I tried and tested and could non state my supplications. And so she shut her book and walks out of the house, and all of a sudden # 8211 ; grade this # 8211 ; I could pray once more! ? ( pg.38 ) This grounds of witchcraft is absurd. The lone thing that is true is that Giles was non allowed to read the books, and because he did non what the books contained, he feared them. This type of reaction throughout the community to the supernatural, and what was non known indicted many people, and contributed to the calamity in Salem. The province of mass confusion in Salem created a society of persons who were merely concerned with what was good for them, so that they would non be the following 1 implicated in the witchcraft dirt. This state of affairs is clearly evident after Hale becomes toilet to the true narrative of what happened in the forests. Abigail wantonnesss Tituba, and accuses her of? directing her spirit on me in church ; she makes me laugh at supplication? ( pg.41 ) , and Abigail besides says Tituba? comes to me every dark to travel and imbibe blood? [ Satan s blood ] ( pg.41 ) . Abigail reacts like this lone to salvage her from being suspected of witchcraft. At the terminal of Scene One, many community members are accused of associating with the Satan. These names were given by all of the misss present that took portion in the rite in the forests, in an effort to return to the graces of God and to be declared bewitched. This was a common reaction that many had when accused of witchcraft. It led to confrontations which pitted neighbour versus neighbour and hubby versus married woman. The craze which created this state of affairs aided in the bad luck proceedings in Salem. The apparent devastation of Salem # 8217 ; s societal order was due to rigid judicial admissions on divergence, fright of the unknown, and mass confusion. These conditions left Salem susceptible to an evident epidemic such as witchery. The susceptibleness that Salem fell victim to, was the cause of a great calamity which saw 20 townsfolk hung at the custodies of the province. The Crucible written by Arthur Miller is a narrative of a great calamity which highlights a? free adult male # 8217 ; s brave and ceaseless battle against mass force per unit areas to do him bow down in conformance? ( intro.-x ) and shows how crazes can be used for immorality intents in an ambiance were there is a belief in freedom and right of dissent. 36e

Arthur Miller`s Death Of Salesman Essays - English-language Films

Arthur Miller`s Death Of Salesman Author Miller's plays are usually associated with real life issues filled with failure and disappointment. Death of a Salesman written in 1949 is no exception. The author's main character, Willy Loman, is a traveling salesman who spends his whole life time trying to find success based on looks and popularity. His brother Ben is a millionaire who owns diamond mines in Africa. Ben offers Willy the chance of a lifetime, but Willy is so stubborn that he declines the offer. After working hard for his whole life, Willy wakes up to realize that he is a failure. On top of all of this, both of his son's despise him. His wife is very loving towards him but he does not take time to appreciate it. Because he is a failure, Willy starts to go a little crazy. It is a classic case of trying to chase the inevitable, "American Dream." This is something that turns out to be a nightmare for Willy. The author even creates a pun on Willy's name to let the reader know the direction that the play is going. Willy Loman obviously stands for "Low Man." During the whole play there are vivid flashbacks of Willy in his prime. He starts out making a salary of $170 per week, he buys a nice home in the suburbs, and has two son's. Life was grand at that time. But by the end, Willy dies working on commission. The neighborhood that was so nice when he first moved there has been surrounded by modern buildings. The sight of his house sandwiched between all those newer and better houses shows how much Willy stayed dwelled in the past. Throughout the whole play Willy's dialogue is usually about what "used to be." Willy is like a caveman in modern times. All the people he knew are eihter dead or have moved on.

Avoid these Overused Resume Phrases

Avoid these Overused Resume Phrases Avoid these Overused Resume Phrases The goal of every resume is to provide a brief and comprehensive summary of your job history and skills while leaving a lasting impression on the recruiter. Since companies receive dozens of resumes per hiring season, employers who are assigned to sort through these documents encounter repetitive phrases which render the submission clichà ©. Several online resources provide a list of key phrases to avoid when writing a resume. While helpful, sometimes these phrases provide the opportunity to share something valuable. Instead of deleting these phrases altogether, rewrite them in a way that makes your resume stand out, and provide concrete examples of your work experience. Here are some commonly used phrases from resumes and suggestions to rewrite them: â€Å"Works well independently† Most of the time, this phrase is used as a crutch (and is usually part of a bullet list). Instead of focusing on the trait alone, provide an example that showcases your independent nature. Example: â€Å"In 2010, I launched my own website focusing on providing young adult readers with tips and tricks to save money.† This statement showcases your skill, experience, and knowledge while providing a concrete example to the reader. â€Å"A great team player† Teamwork is important is crucial in any workplace to meet company goals, but this phrase does not impress. Instead, share events that showcase you and your former team’s participation or achievement.Example: â€Å"Volunteered with colleagues and organized a 2011 fundraiser.† â€Å"Results driven† Results usually require quantitative data. To avoid this ambiguous claim, write about strategies you implemented which resulted in a percentage of change.Example: â€Å"Reduced the percentage of tardy employees by 10% by implementing an incentive and penalty policy to encourage them to be on time.† â€Å"Good communication skills† Communication skills are important, but this is another example of a broad statement. In this case, provide an example showing how your skills were put to good use.Example: â€Å"Prepared and presented a slideshow to job applicants attending the 2010 job fair in Springfield.† â€Å"Strong attention to detail† It pays to be meticulous with details but it’s even better when other examples are provided.Example: â€Å"I have considerable experience editing articles for an SEO company.† If you rewrite overused phrases and provide concrete examples of your success, potential employers are more likely to schedule an interview with you. Your new resume offers a concise summary of your knowledge, skills, and experience while helping you stand out from the rest of the applicants. hires a team of talented writers who have considerable experience in writing, editing, and/or proofreading resumes while providing key phrases that impress employers.

EPIB of British American Tobacco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EPIB of British American Tobacco - Case Study Example BAT Company was founded in 1902, the company acquired different companies in America and the UK to form the current multinational corporation it has evolved to be. Currently BAT is the second biggest procedure of cigarettes in world with an estimated 10.5% of the total global share. PESTEL analysis is used to investigates the vital factors which affects an industry and the influence they have on a particular company or companies operating in that particular industry. PESTEL is means political, Economic, Social, Technological and Legal factors. Political factors entail government policies which are related to the industry, this includes tax policies, regulations and laws, tariffs and restrictions and other factors. The economic factors include the wider economic performance for example economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates and inflation. Social factors on the other hand relates to cultural issues which includes health, population growth, demographics, changes in consumer behaviours and other aspects. Technology factors include the adaptation of new available technology and new ideas such as automation, information technology and rate of technology change. Legal factors comprises of legal procedures, licensing, product legal descriptions and other legal factors. (Hollensen, 2004) Political factors whereby the company have to deal with the political interferences that may be practiced by the UK government. According to research political systems of nations affect the conduct of businesses, for example some countries practice collectivism while others practice capitalism political systems. The UK government practices capitalism in that it allows factors of production to be privately owned and the government performs only limited duties that the private sector cannot perform unlike in collectivism and communism that stresses collective goals. So BAT Company has no restrictions and hence we can conclude that it enjoys good external political environment. (London and Hart, 2004) Economical factors which mainly deals with financial forces in the economic environment. Such factors include foreign exchange rates, currencies and global monetary systems like the use of Euro currency, inflation, counter trade, balance of payments, monetary policies, and fiscal policies among others. After carrying out careful analysis of these factors BAT Company did not face a lot of these challenges with but only was subjected to few of them like inflation and the balance of payments. (Buckley, 2005) Social factors are other factors that the company has to consider before going international. Forces within the society such as religion, family, social structure and education may impact positively or negatively the way BAT Company will market its products. Social factors affect our attitude, opinions and interests on the way we view products from certain companies. (Buckley, 2005) Technological factors are another key factor to be put in consideration before going global. Advanced technologies are now being experienced by many companies as

Explain this statement and conclude your discussion by saying whether Essay

Explain this statement and conclude your discussion by saying whether or not you agree with the law commission's current proposa - Essay Example Laws regarding the rights of consumers across the UK were not protective enough to sufficiently safeguard the interest of consumers. The new laws were, therefore, put forward to enhance sanity in sales of products and consumption of faulty products. In order to show that the grievances presented by the European Commission were heard, the Law Commission published laws that would protect the consumers against consumption of faulty goods. Law Commission made an indirect response to the European Commission’s paper with pretence that it was responding to the 2002 Consumer Sales Directive. Whether or not the publication of the Law Commission was ignited by the October release of the European Commission, these laws are a sure relief to the UK consumers. The laws protect the rights of consumers in a way that had not been possible in the past. A critical analysis of the Law Commission Proposals and Remedies for Faulty goods to Consumers relays a lot to be desired about the laws. The ne ed for harmonization of European consumer rights and related remedies was the primary objective of both publications. Whereas the consultative paper was not designed to directly respond to the â€Å"The European Law Commission Proposals†, it indirectly touched the core values of that proposal as an attempt to harmonize all United Kingdom Laws relating to consumer rights and remedies with those of the Commission proposals. This Consultative paper further earmarked an indirect advice to the commission regarding short term remedies to be harmonized across Union members without necessarily deviating from the traditional Contract Law remedies like rejection, repair and replacement or rescission (The Joint Consultative Paper, 2009, P.63). European Commission Proposals are another area of the laws that exhibit great deal of fascinating and likeable issues. The Law Commission Proposals were aimed at achieving the â€Å"consumer acquis† across the European Union relating to goo ds consumed and trading rights (The European Law Commission,2008). These rights include the right of withdrawal by the consumer from an ambigueous contract and is associated with the â€Å"cooling off period†, the need to protect consumers from â€Å"aggressive commercial practices†, removal of all trade barriers across all member states boarders, promotion of online contractual arrangements or trading among other things. The right of withdrawal is concerned with door to door and distance trading activities including both goods and services rendered to the consumer (Schultze, 2009, P.179). By all means, such steps to protect the rights of citizens of the wider European Union are a reason to smile about. The commission proposals are most likely going to enhance economic productivity of the region with increased trade and commerce. These European Commission proposals are majorly intended to harmonize trading activities among European states and once the Union has achieve d this, it will have a better competitive advantage over other regions in trade and industry. The major bottleneck is understanding the micro and macro economic factors that drives businesses. More in particular is an understanding of the

To what extent do differing human resource management and training Essay

To what extent do differing human resource management and training practices contribute to varying levels of success between major national economies - Essay Example It also enhances positive relationships within organisations in order to enhance greater success at the workplace. Thirdly, the theory enhances the development and motivation of employees in order to perform better at the workplace. In terms of negative criticisms, the theory does not clearly explain how the various relations within an organization enhance success in international business across countries. The theory also fails to explain how HRM is linked to the strategic management of an organisation. Wright and Snell (1991) argue that abilities and skills are environmental inputs; behaviours of employees are throughputs; and satisfaction and performance of employees are outcomes. Therefore, the function of the HRM is to recruit, retain, utilize, and displace competencies in organizations (Jackson and Schuler, 1995). The primary positive aspect of the theory is that it provides key functions of HRM which help HR managers to perform their duties of managing personnel effectively. Therefore, the theory provides key understanding of how HR managers can manage employees effectively to achieve higher results and success in international business (Wright and Snell (1991, p. 216). The main criticism of the theory is that it focuses more on systems than processes; it identifies the various items that are included in an open system rather than explaining how these items work in a human resource department. It also neglects most aspects of human resource management including policies on labour relations and human resource policies at the workplace. The transfer of human resource policy and practice occurs due to international competition pressure, organisational politics and international integration (Yu and Wu, p. 122). In terms of positive aspects, the theory enables the understanding of the success of HRM practices in different countries. It is also important for the understanding of international

Second Language Acquisition And Classroom Interaction

Second Language Acquisition And Classroom Interaction Interaction has been central to theories of second language acquisition and pedagogy since the 1980s. Rivers explained the interactive perspective in language education: Students achieve facility in using a language when their attention is focused on conveying and receiving authentic messages (that is, messages that contain information of interest to both speaker and listener in a situation of importance to both). This is interaction (Rivers, 4). One of the first researchers to consider the importance of interaction was Hatch. She made a pivotal and indelible mark on the field of SLA through her publication of two seminal papers on language learning and interaction (Pica, 494). Hatch proposed that researchers should look towards interaction for insights into language learning development rather than the syntax of the language. In other words, she hypothesized that learners made progress as a result of real-life interaction rather than communicative competence arising out of the conti nuous practice of structures (Macaro, 172). In SLA classroom, the interactional input of the teacher is also part of the teacher talk which is considered as the main source of language input. Krashen proposed the Input Hypothesis to explain how learners interlanguage develops and grammatical features are acquired when learners are exposed to input that contains grammatical features a little beyond their current level of competence (Krashen and Terrell, 32). The Input Hypothesis is explained in detail through the i+1structure. i stands for the current level of language competence of learners while 1 stands for the item that they are going to acquire. Therefore, the i+1 structure indicates that learners are able to learn the language by being exposed to the input containing knowledge a little beyond their current level of competence. Extending Krashens Input Hypothesis, Long put forward the Interaction Hypothesis, which he held could make learners SLA development possible (Long, 420). The Interaction Hypothesis differs from the Input Hypothesis in that it puts more emphasis on how to make input comprehensible. Krashen believes that clues based on the situation and the context, extralinguistic information, and knowledge of the world make comprehension possible (Richards and Rogers, 182). He proposed the term premodification which means to make input comprehensible by simplifying or modifying the input before exposing it to learners by using common or familiar words, phrases and sentences. While admitting the role of premodification, Long lays more emphasis on the interactional modification. Through observing learners interacting with native speakers, Long concluded that what the former were doing was trying to improve the quality of the input they were receiving from the native speakers by giving them some verbal feedback or others to demonstrate that they had not understood. In this way, following Krashens earlier model, the native speakers input should become more fine-tuned to the immediate needs of learners thus allowing the latter to understand more easily. Therefore, the input will be made comprehensible as a result of interaction. Long proposed that interactionally modified input comes about as a result of the use of confirmation checks, clarification requests and comprehension checks by the two parties in a conversation (Macaro, 172). While the first two hypotheses concentrate on the teachers input, Swains Output Hypothesis advocates that learners should be provided with more opportunities of producing output. In order to acquire a new language, it is not sufficient to notice it and keep silent. In order for the acquisition to occur, learners must also use the language in verbal production. First, it increases the intensity of the noticing on the new item as input. Second, it forces learners to attend to the construction of the new language before and during output. Third, it encourages teacher confirmation that the output is correct and provides evidence for learners hypotheses about the target language. This has been known as the Output Hypothesis. To sum up, the Output Hypothesis claims that output can promote language acquisition under certain conditions by allowing learners to produce output. Moreover, Swain believed that in order for students to achieve native-like language competence, they need to be pushed more in their output by providing them with more opportunities to use the target language in the classroom (Swain, 429). In sum, the above three important theories of second language acquisition combine to reveal the effects of different types of classroom interaction on language learning from different angles. Therefore, in the field of second language acquisition, it is reasonable to state that classroom interaction plays a crucial role in promoting language learning. 2.1.2 General Classroom Interaction and Learning When students learn in a classroom setting, a primary source of knowledge comes from teacher talk and teacher-student interactions, as the processes and transactions involved in the construction of meanings are mediated through the use of verbal communication. Central to Vygotskys sociocultural theory of human learning is the idea that social interaction plays an essential role in the development of cognition. First, cultural development appears between people on an inter-psychological plane and then inside the learner on an intra-psychological plane. This applies equally to voluntary attention, logical memory and the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals (Vygotsky, 57). In addition, through the role of mediation, students are able to transform skills that lie in the zone of proximal development (ZPD, a term formulated by Vygotsky to refer to the area of students potential development). Williams and Burden state that med iation is a term used by psychologists of the social interactionist school to refer to the part played by other significant people (the one usually with more knowledge, e.g. a teacher) in the learners lives, who enhance their learning by selecting and shaping the learning experiences presented to them (Williams and Burden, 67). That is to say, the notion of the teacher assisting student performance through the zone of proximal development suggests that teachers can adjust the discourse on the inter-psychological to support the students evolving understanding of knowledge or development of complex skills. Therefore, Vygotskys theory implicates that learners should be provided with socially rich environments so as to explore knowledge domains with their fellow students and teachers. 2.1.2.1 Interaction Pattern of Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) The three-part exchange structure known as triadic dialogue has been found to be common in classroom discourse. This discourse format typically consists of three moves, i.e. initiation (usually via a teacher question), student response and teacher evaluation. It is more commonly referred to as IRE (Mehan, 64). Accordingly, the teacher poses a closed question that is basically information-seeking, that requires a predetermined short answer, and that is aimed at the recall or lower-order cognitive level. He or she then praises or confirms correct answers and corrects those that are wrong. Sometimes, the three-part exchange structure is also known as IRFinitiation, response and feedback or follow-up as the third move may not necessarily be an explicit evaluative remark (Sinclair and Coulthard, 54). For instance, Wells has discussed various ways in which the teacher can provide feedback by encouraging students to express ideas, generate hypotheses and test them (Wells, 1986: 50). The triadic dialogue, which is typical of traditional classroom teaching, is usually considered to restrict students thinking as students responses remain somewhat short and standardized, thus minimizing their role in the co-construction of meaning. Although such conventional teacher-questioning practices have thus been criticized, some researchers have pointed out that it is consistent with educational goals. For example, Newman, Griffin, and Cole argued that the three-part exchange has a built-in repair structure in the teachers last turn so that incorrect information can be replaced with the right answers (Newman et al, 127). Such an opinion is considered appropriate in that the responsibility of teachers is viewed as ensuring that students acquire the knowledge that is normative within a particular culture (Chin, 1316). In addition, Wells has argued that, when used effectively, it is in this third step in the co-construction of meaning that the next cycle of the learning-and-teac hing spiral has its point of departure (Wells, 1993: 35). Therefore, the triadic dialogue can prove to be beneficial to classroom teaching if the teacher is willing to interact with students further. An instance of this would be when the teacher asks a question that stimulates further productive thought, based on their evaluation of students previous responses. In such a case, the teacher would be guiding the development of students ideas by successively building on their contributions in a reciprocal manner (Chin, 1315). As for patterns of discourse, Mortimer and Scott expanded the IRE or IRF structure by identifying the IRFRF chain where the elaborative feedback from the teacher is followed by a further response from a student (Mortimer and Scott, 41). This form contributes to a dialogic interaction. As part of the feedback, the teacher could encourage a student by repeating his or her comment or asking for explanation. By establishing this pattern of discourse, the teacher is able to further explore students ideas. As Wells suggested that the third step of the IRF sequence might have potential for productive discourse (Wells, 1993: 10), Chin established an analytical framework based on questioning to explore the specific forms of feedback. Four aspects of classroom discourse (namely, content, type of utterance, thinking elicited, and interaction pattern) constitute the elements of the questioning-based discourse analytical framework (Chin, 1322). She studied several science lessons from Year 7 which were observed across a variety of lesson structures. In her study, Chin identified four different types of feedback. The follow-up or feedback given by the teacher in the IRF sequence usually takes the form of a comment or statement followed by either another question, or further statements that expound more subject-related knowledge. Therefore, the feedback of the triadic dialogue could consist of a comment-question (C-Q) or statement-question (S-Q) couplet in which the question in the couplets may be considered as overlapping with the initiation of the next IRF sequence. However, Chin points out that, if there are no more questions asked, it takes the form of a comment-statement (C-S) couplet. Sometimes, feedback comprises only comments or statements. Chins findings suggest that by changing the third move of an IRF questioning sequence from an explicit evaluation to one that includes responsive questioning, teachers can make their classroom discourse more thought-provoking and stimulate more elaborate and productive student responses (Chin, 1340). 2.1.2.2 Teacher Questioning and Student Participation As a prominent part of classroom discourse, teacher questioning plays an important role in classroom teaching and has been the focus of linguistic and pedagogical studies (Nunan, 192). There are several reasons why they are so commonly used in teaching. They stimulate and maintain students interest. They encourage students to think and focus on the content of the lesson. They enable a teacher to clarify what a student has said. They enable a teacher to elicit particular structures or vocabulary items. They enable teachers to check students understanding. They encourage student participation in a lesson. (Richards and Lockhart, 185). Second language researchers have proposed that teacher questions play a crucial role in language acquisition. They can be used to allow the learner to keep participating in the discourse and even modify it so that the language used becomes more comprehensible and personally relevant (Banbrook and Skehan, 142). In addition, many previous classroom-based studies have focused on the taxonomy of teacher questions. Barnes identified the closed-ended and open-ended questions (Barnes, 12). Moreover, a display question is a question to which the questioner already knows the answer while a referential question is a question where the teacher does know the answer and is genuinely interested in hearing the answers from students (Long and Sato, 268). And there are questions that either assist or assess (Tharp and Gallimore, 52). According to Brock, referential questions can increase students language output in class and thus promote language acquisition. An increased use by teachers of referential questions, which create a flow of information from students to teachers, may generate discourse which more nearly resembles the normal conversation learners experience outside of the classroom (Brock, 49). Although at a theoretical level, referential questions are likely to trigger more immediate output than display questions, the distinction is too simplistic to offer an in-depth understanding of teacher questioning as it focuses on the types of questions rather than the abilities elicited. The nature of questioning in constructivist-based teaching environment is different. In such an environment, the teachers intent is to elicit what students think, to encourage them to elaborate on their previous answers and ideas, and to help them construct conceptual knowledge. Therefore, questioning can diagnose and extend students ideas and the teacher can engage students in higher-level thinking including analysis, application, synthesis and evaluation as those questions are open-ended and requiring one-sentence or two-sentence answers (Brookhart, 5). Teaching questioning takes another form of a reflective toss in the feedback move of the IRF sequence (van Zee and Minstrell, 1997a: 216). A reflective question is posed to a student by engaging his or her previous response to a teacher question, thus extending the teacher-student interaction and further exploring students ideas. A reflective toss usually consists of three parts, i.e. a student statement, the reflective question and additional student statements (Chin, 1319). Furthermore, the teachers use of a reflective toss serves a series of subgoals. They include using questions to help students clarify their meanings, consider a variety of views and monitor the discussion and their own thinking (van Zee and Minstrell, 1997b: 266). While most studies centered on the role of teachers in classroom, student participation is directly related with the quality of teacher-student interaction. Student participation has become a hot issue in the field of SLA research. Tsui conducted a survey among 38 teachers on the elements of reticence in middle school classrooms in Hong Kong and discovered five influential factors: students low English proficiency, students fear of making mistakes and getting laughed at by others, lack of wait time for students to think due to teachers intolerance of reticence, uneven allocation of turns to students and teachers incomprehensible input (Tsui, 148-155). Karp and Yoels carried out a one-month observation program in the 10 classes at an American private university and identified the consolidation of responsibility (Karp and Yoels, 429). On one hand, teachers would only call on some specific students to answer their questions. On the other hand, some other students would remain silent in class as they were rarely called upon. Through the observation of fifteen classroom sessions and out-of-class interviews with two female and two male students, Morgenstern discovered that there were many opportunities for student speech, but a core of five to six students seemed to monopolize these opportunities. Student actions and attitudes, recorded by observation and interview, revealed four tacit rules for class participation: (1) do not ask stupid questions; (2) do not waste the teachers time; (3) do not waste class time; and (4) try to find the answer before asking the teacher. Some students function under the assumption that only those with the most knowledge should speak, thus assuming a hierarchy of knowledge (Action and Inaction: Student and Teacher Roles in Classroom Participation).

Jesus, Paul, And Mohammed: Com :: essays research papers

Michael Hart is an amateur historian and also the author of The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. In this book Hart lists in order the people he believes to be the top 100 most influential people. In this essay I am going to look at three specific people, and compare Hart’s ranking of their impact on society against my own. The three people are Jesus of Nazareth, the founder of Christianity; Paul of Tarsus, Christianity’s most important missionary; and Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Since religion did play a considerable role in the shaping of civilizations, it is no coincidence that these three people are respectively the three most important people in the founding of the top two religions in the world. Also Hart’s ranking of these three men will be analyzed, and compared to my own rankings of these three influential men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Hart’s book, The 100, he regards all three of these men as being very important in contributing to the rise of two great religions. In his ranking of the top 100 Muhammad, Jesus, and St. Paul rank one, three, and six respectively. Now right from this statement most people would believe that Hart is already wrong, and that Jesus should be one. In some sense those who believe that Jesus are right because the amount of Christians in the world almost doubles that of the Moslems. Yet if we carefully look at Hart’s reasons for ranking them the way he does, you would see that his ranking seems more understandable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we should start by analyzing Hart’s reasons for ranking Muhammad one. His main point for ranking him one, above Jesus, is because “ Muhammad played a more important role in the development of Islam then Jesus did on the development of Christianity';(9). He believes this statement to be true because St. Paul complemented Jesus in helping to spread the belief of Christianity. Though Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts it was St. Paul who was the main developer of its theology, its proselytizer, and for writing a large portion of the New Testament. While on the other hand Muhammad was the only one responsible for the teachings of Islam, and also to the moral and main ethical principles. This is shown in the idea that the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, contains the teachings of Muhammad, and that his teachings are said to be the words of God. Jesus, Paul, And Mohammed: Com :: essays research papers Michael Hart is an amateur historian and also the author of The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. In this book Hart lists in order the people he believes to be the top 100 most influential people. In this essay I am going to look at three specific people, and compare Hart’s ranking of their impact on society against my own. The three people are Jesus of Nazareth, the founder of Christianity; Paul of Tarsus, Christianity’s most important missionary; and Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Since religion did play a considerable role in the shaping of civilizations, it is no coincidence that these three people are respectively the three most important people in the founding of the top two religions in the world. Also Hart’s ranking of these three men will be analyzed, and compared to my own rankings of these three influential men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Hart’s book, The 100, he regards all three of these men as being very important in contributing to the rise of two great religions. In his ranking of the top 100 Muhammad, Jesus, and St. Paul rank one, three, and six respectively. Now right from this statement most people would believe that Hart is already wrong, and that Jesus should be one. In some sense those who believe that Jesus are right because the amount of Christians in the world almost doubles that of the Moslems. Yet if we carefully look at Hart’s reasons for ranking them the way he does, you would see that his ranking seems more understandable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we should start by analyzing Hart’s reasons for ranking Muhammad one. His main point for ranking him one, above Jesus, is because “ Muhammad played a more important role in the development of Islam then Jesus did on the development of Christianity';(9). He believes this statement to be true because St. Paul complemented Jesus in helping to spread the belief of Christianity. Though Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts it was St. Paul who was the main developer of its theology, its proselytizer, and for writing a large portion of the New Testament. While on the other hand Muhammad was the only one responsible for the teachings of Islam, and also to the moral and main ethical principles. This is shown in the idea that the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, contains the teachings of Muhammad, and that his teachings are said to be the words of God.

Need of a Strengthened Species Act Essay

There lived a bird called Passenger Pigeon in North America. A century ago people could see them in thousands or even in millions. Sadly, there are very few of them left today. The species called passenger pigeons was becaming extinct like many other species. Obviously, there were no laws to protect endangered species, resulting in the large scale destruction of the native habitat. Providing legislation is, in any case, one important aspect in shaping environmentalism. Taking today’s increasing threats towards the environment in to account, a collaborative action and response become increasingly inevitable. It would provide opportunities towards expanding the value of implementing responsibility and changes with the current challenges. Therefore, the capacity of exploring the development of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) remains to be considered and vital. So this paper will analyze the present scenario to focus on the issue â€Å"should the endangered species act be strengthened? By addressing the specific loopholes in its legislation and expanding its policies to meet the current demands of today, the ESA can fully utilize its value in ensuring a mutual accountability to the government and the citizenry. However, considering the current environmental challenges, the analysis shall look into the differing perspectives concerning the viability of expanding the tenets inscribed within the ESA. It includes formulating and assessing how each side corresponds to either its development or abolishment. Catering to this avenue can help provide effective representation of issues shaping these diverging perspectives. Contradicting Ideas of Development of ESA Proponents seek to establish new principles and avenues which can address the current trends of today. On analyzing the contradicting Ideas about the expansion of ESA, the principle that has always been advocated is the reinforcement of new patterns towards amending the law, which can help standardize measures that are important today and cultivate better means for participation among the citizenry and the government (Desiderio, 2002). At the same time, the current conditions among species, considerably needs attention. Given the continued strategy to exhaust resources, updating the ESA would prove to be a constructive strategy in creating new means for consolidating efforts such as budgeting, policies, and programs for preservation (United States Senate, 2005). On the other hand, the contrasting perspective considers the abolishment of the ESA. The main reason for this revolves around the inability of the law to further address the environmental problems. It points out that the accounts for change only resulted to further degradation due to the loopholes associated with this mandate (Miller and Spoolman, 2008). Seeing this, it is indeed crucial to provide the responsibility towards institutions, organizations, and citizens that are more concerned, dynamic, and adaptive to the continuous change happening in the system. These avenues in turn necessitate better means of addressing endangered species without ample consideration to existing standards related to policies (Easton, 2009). Critically analyzing the issue, the value of expanding the ESA is one approach that can involve the government in efforts to address the problems of the environment. In particular, it considers the ability to shape furthering and expanding conservation efforts. With the ability of the US government to provide support through budgeting and enacting of rules and standards, it creates better means of consolidating the threats to endangered species (Miller and Spoolman, 2008). Such directions then infuse creating a consensus towards creating a society that is responsive and responsible towards sustainability, preservation, and conservation of today’s endangered species. At the same time, expanding the ESA also culminates the process of infusing the role of the government in social concerns. Since environmental conservation and protection of endangered species goes along with other social issues, pointing out new prospects for ESA can deliver important results (e. g. expanding the protection of animals, habitat conservation, and exhaustion of resources). Allowing this process to occur justifies the cause of establishing relationships and widens the scope of application as the interplay of groups and individuals becomes fully realized (Desiderio, 2002). Making ESA More Reasonable, Effective and Accepted Overall, it is important now to use all the available sources to recognize how the conflicting perspectives contribute to the process of negotiations and ascertaining interests. Such directions can then establish the process of how ESA not only consolidates the value of protection and conservation but also be an instrument towards furthering opportunities to reach out, communicate, and respond to the increasing threats towards sustainability and adherence to current trends. One of the main objectives of enhancing the ESA should be the maximum utilization of the money spent and recovery efforts made for the benefit to of the suggested species. Economic factors are to play no part in listing species is an original ESA mandate. While designating critical habitat, as well as accounting for species impact in development, both require a complex balancing of environmental versus economic factors (Environmental Policy Issues 2004). An example to the importance of this objective is the Pacific salmon population of the Columbia River Basin. The region includes parts of Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada and some parts of Canada. Ever since the first listing of the Salmon population under ESA, the Bonneville Power Administration alone has spent $3. 5 billion on recovery efforts. However, to this date no published reference, to the benefits given to this five listed population by this large amount of money, have come into light (Shepard 2002). Considering the fact that ESA is the prime piece of legislation that protects the biodiversity, development is inevitable in ESA on such facts as a) enhancing the recognized causes of decline in the number of species, b) numbering of critical species must be done on a newly developed scientific base and the recovery plans needs to be very active. An assumption within the current ESA is that the species are declining in number because of the loss of habitat. Shepherd (2002) stated that many raptors including Bald Eagles are declined in number because of the thinning effect in the insecticide DDT on egg shells. Pacific Salmon has been declining due to climatic and ocean conditions. Some of these causations are beyond our capacity to control. Habitat loss had a telling effect on decline of most of the species like buffalo which were once numerous on the grass lands of United States. Those historical grass land habitats have now been converted into farms, cities, plantations and interstate highways. It is important now for ESA to recognize all the reasons for the decline of species. ESA would need still more responsible agencies to decide a few information in timely manner. First of all the determination should be accurate and impeccable on population size of species that how many potential inter breeding individuals that it may not become extinct. Secondly, the determination needs to be accurately made on the numbers are sufficiently increased and to be removed from the ESA list. Moreover, what action needs to be taken in order to increase the size of the population. ESA must direct the agencies to develop such administrative steps so that their decisions would be wholly based on the available science. ESA needs an enhancement which would ensure that every decision taken and implemented is scientific. The data collection can be done by the agencies with a complete co-operation of the public. The goal of the Endangered Species Act is not only to prevent extinction but also to bring species back to healthy population levels. The FWS describes recovery as the â€Å"process by which the decline of an endangered or threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats removed or reduced so that the species’ survival in the wild can be ensured (Species Report Card 1997). That is why Shepherd (2002) insists on the active recovery plans. An active plan might include a description of site specific management plans which would be helpful to achieve conservation and survival of the species. The recovery plan must indicate the target population number and the criteria to assess when the targeted population number is achieved. There needs to be a schedule to implement the project with all the priorities and budget. The species report card calls for even more specifications on the recovery plans such as species reintroduction, habitat acquisition, captive propagation, habitat restoration and protection, population assessments, research and technical assistance for landowners, and public education. A time limit for a regulatory action is a federal statute mandate. The private sector undergo severe impacts if a decision is delayed resulting in a non issuance or non authorization of a permit. The private institutions might even be put out of business on such regulatory responsiveness is shown by any federal agency. One way to possibly change these attitudes and behaviors is, says Shepard (2002), by making continuing education an integral part of the technical staffs’ career. Training in the specific scientific and management knowledge needed to efficiently and effectively fulfill a job description is not asking too much of anyone. And it is a very good use of public funds and public employee time. Such changes in the ESA administration are vital for an effective and fruitful implementation of ESA. Enhancing in ESA is inevitable as it is extreme and inflexible in mandating the protection of every species regardless of other considerations. â€Å"The 1970s case of the snail darter (Percina tanasi), a small fish on the Little Tennessee River that was threatened with extinction by the building of a dam, led to an amendment allowing petitions for exemption from ESA requirements. More recently, critics have questioned the science behind ESA enforcement, arguing that healthy species are placed on the protected list. Finally, the judicial costs are enormous; lawsuits from both pro-environmental and pro-growth factions add greatly to the expense of enforcing the ESA† (Environmental Policy Issues 2004). Conclusion ESA is often measured as the most thriving section of environmental legislation; it still has the reputation of being controversial. The suggestions made here, after analyzing the conflicting perspectives are technical enough to advance the force behind the implementation of ESA. This will provide an improved co-operation and adherence from the part of the regulated public towards the realization of a better working statute. Thus the ESA should evolve itself to include sound since in order to avoid controversies. References Desiderio, M. (2002) Chapter 27: ESA Reform: Facing Hard Truths. The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives. eds. Baur, D. C. , Irvin, W. R. , American Bar Associaton and Section of Environment, Energy and Resources. (US: American Bar Association) pp. 533-544 Easton (2009) Principle Versus Politics: Should the Endangered Species Act Be Strengthened? Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Environmental Issues. 13th ed. (US: McGraw-Hill Companies). Environmental Policy Issues (2004) The Endangered species act Issues; Proquest Cambridge Information group. http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/ern/04jun/overview. php accessed on 11th May, 2010. Miller, G. T. and Spoolman, S. (2008) Case Study: U. S. Endangered Species Act. Sustaining the Earth. (US: Cengage Learning). Shepard, B. R (2002) How to Improve the Endangered Species Act; Applied Ecosystem Services Inc. Troutdale Species Report Card (1997) Association of biodiversity information and the nature conservancy; The state of US plants and animals. United States Senate (2005) Endangered Species Act: hearing. (US: DIANE Publishing).